The agricultural sector is characterized by a dualistic structure - a high input/high productivity estate sector and a low input/low productivity smallholder sector. The estate sector comprises a small number of large-scale farmers, occupying about 60 percent of the fertile land. The smallholder sub-sector comprises a very large number of farmers growing mainly low-yield food crops on small plots with a minimal use of inputs (Moyo et al. 2015). 55 percent of the smallholder farmers farm on less than 0.5 ha and more than 75 percent cultivate less than one ha of land (NSO 2005; DARS 2011). Smallholder agriculture generally accounts for more than 85% of production which meets the country’s demand for food staples and provides some export surplus (NSO 2004; DARS 2011). This is because estate farmers focus heavily on export crops.

The agricultural sector in Malawi is faced with many challenges. Over reliance on rainfall which is usually of a short duration renders the country vulnerably to weather shocks and hazards. Erratic rainfall, increased water scarcity, rising temperatures, and extreme weather events such as floods and droughts have increased in magnitude and frequency over the years (Coulibaly et al. 2015). In addition, the country is also affected by deforestation and land degradation. Yaron et al. (2011) showed that soil losses through erosion averaged 20 t/ha/year, which translated to a yield loss of 4 - 25% every year. This undermines the livelihoods of rural communities and exacerbates the extent of food insecurity and rural poverty in Malawi.

The country’s main food crops are maize, groundnuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, beans, soybeans pigeonpeas, rice, sorghum, millets, vegetables and fruits. There is low adoption of sustainable agricultural technologies as the majority of farmers still practice traditional farming methods.<.p>

This coupled with low capacity of households to bounce back when hit by shock, leaves households vulnerable to food insecurity in times of shocks such as price fluctuation and weather variations (IMF 2017). Low investments in soil fertility improvement and increasing climate variability over the last five decades has further compounded the problem, leaving the sector increasingly vulnerable (Binswanger-Mkhize et al., 2011). For example, more than 90% of maize is produced under rainfed conditions often with erratic rains featuring as the most important production factor (Kamanga et al., 2015). In addition, most soils have lost their inherent fertility and do not produce a good crop yield. SIMLESA offered a pathway for farmers to adapt in the face of climate change and other variabilities.

Project Sites

In Malawi, SIMLESA was implemented in six districts representing two major maize-legume growing agro-ecological zones. These agro-ecological zones were the low-altitude and mid-altitude areas. The low-altitude zone represents the area of low rainfall per annum and high temperatures but very fertile soils. This zone covered the Salima district at Tembwe EPA, Balaka district at Rivirivi EPA; and parts of Ntcheu district at Nsipe EPA. The mid-altitude zone represents the area where the bulk of agricultural activities take place in Malawi. This zone covered the Lilongwe district at Mitundu Extension Planning Area (EPA), Kasungu district at Mtunthama EPA and Mchinji district at Kalulu EPA.

Despite differences in agro-ecology, all study districts are characterized by rain-fed maize-legume cropping systems. This makes them vulnerable to climate change and climate variability.